{"id":1713,"date":"2021-01-08T11:48:25","date_gmt":"2021-01-08T11:48:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/erkanpartners.com\/?p=1713"},"modified":"2021-01-08T12:03:46","modified_gmt":"2021-01-08T12:03:46","slug":"yabancilik-unsuru-iceren-sigorta-davalarina-iliskin-ozel-hususlar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/erkanpartners.com\/?p=1713","title":{"rendered":"YABANCILIK UNSURU \u0130\u00c7EREN S\u0130GORTA DAVALARINA \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130N \u00d6ZEL HUSUSLAR"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\u00dclkemizde sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la dayanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak 1870 y\u0131l\u0131nda Beyo\u011flu\u2019nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen yang\u0131n sonras\u0131, sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinden ve sigorta poli\u00e7elerinden kaynaklanan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar g\u00fcndeme geldi\u011finde faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u015firketler \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z \u015firketleri olup s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin yabanc\u0131 hukuka tabi k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yabanc\u0131 devlet mahkemelerinin yetkilendirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[i]<\/a>. Bu bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsurunun sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ile en ba\u015ftan itibaren ili\u015fkili oldu\u011fu s\u00f6ylenebilir. G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz \u015fartlar\u0131nda ise \u00fclkeler aras\u0131, \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131n\u0131 a\u015fan ili\u015fkilerin ola\u011fan hale gelmesi ile sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde, di\u011fer bir\u00e7ok s\u00f6zle\u015fme t\u00fcrlerinde oldu\u011fu gibi, yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru ile kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmaz d\u00fczeye ula\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenmelidir. Bu do\u011frultuda, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru i\u00e7ermesi durumunda kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 muhtemel hususlar incelenecektir.<\/p>\n

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Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k Unsuru<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa konu hukuki olay, ili\u015fki veya i\u015flemin bir veya birden fazla devletin hukuku ile ili\u015fkili olmas\u0131, uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru katmaktad\u0131r. Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru, ki\u015fi, yer, i\u015flem olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 kaynaktan meydana gelebilir. Bu ba\u011flamda sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde, uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n taraflar\u0131n\u0131n yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke vatanda\u015f\u0131 veya tabiiyetinde olmas\u0131, yerle\u015fim yeri veya mutad meskeninin yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkede bulunmas\u0131, rizikonun yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda meydana gelmesi, sigortalanabilir menfaatin yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131nda bulunmas\u0131 ile yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru kar\u015f\u0131m\u0131za \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde ki\u015fi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru, s\u00f6zle\u015fme taraflar\u0131n\u0131n yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke vatanda\u015f\u0131 veya tabiiyetinde olmas\u0131 ile ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Bu kapsamda poli\u00e7e hamilinin yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke vatanda\u015f\u0131 olmas\u0131, sigorta \u015firketi veya reas\u00fcrans \u015firketinin yabanc\u0131 \u00fclkeye tabiiyetinde bir \u015firket olmas\u0131, uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru katacakt\u0131r. Yer y\u00f6n\u00fcnden ise zarara neden olan rizikonun yabanc\u0131 bir \u00fclkede meydana gelmesi ile uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru kazanacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yerle\u015fik ki\u015filer, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sigortalanabilir menfaatlerini kural olarak T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de faaliyet g\u00f6steren sigorta \u015firketlerine sigorta ettirmek zorundad\u0131r. Ancak 5684 say\u0131l\u0131 Sigortac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu (SK)[ii]<\/a> m.15\/2 de say\u0131lan durumlarda bu ki\u015filer, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki menfaatlerini yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki \u015firketlere sigorta ettirebilirler. Bu d\u00fczenleme uyar\u0131nca haz\u0131rlanan sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri, sigorta \u015firketlerinin yabanc\u0131 sigorta \u015firketleri olmalar\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru kazanacakt\u0131r ve bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerden do\u011fan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n T\u00fcrk Mahkemeleri \u00f6n\u00fcnde dava edilmeleri halinde uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde dikkate al\u0131nacak hukuk 5718 say\u0131l\u0131 Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk ve Usul Hukuku Hakk\u0131nda Kanun (M\u00d6HUK)[iii]<\/a> m.24 uyar\u0131nca tespit edilmesi gerekecektir. Bunun yan\u0131nda, Sigortac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunu m.15\/1 de T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de sigorta yapt\u0131rmas\u0131 zorunlu k\u0131l\u0131nan ki\u015filer i\u00e7in \u201cT\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yerle\u015fik ki\u015filer<\/em><\/strong>\u201d ifadesi tercih edilmi\u015ftir. Bu ifade, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yerle\u015fik olan, yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na sahip ki\u015fileri de kapsamaktad\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de yerle\u015fik yabanc\u0131 \u00fclke vatanda\u015flar\u0131n (T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u015f\u0131mayan) taraf oldu\u011fu sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri de yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru i\u00e7ermektedir ve uygulanacak hukukun M\u00d6HUK m.24 uyar\u0131nca tespitinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 gerekecektir.<\/p>\n

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Uygulanacak Hukuk<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru i\u00e7ermesi, uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n hangi \u00fclke hukukuna g\u00f6re \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sorununu g\u00fcndeme getirmektedir. Milletleraras\u0131 \u00f6zel hukuk alan\u0131nda ele al\u0131nan temel sorunlar\u0131ndan biri olan bu sorun uygulanacak hukukunun tespiti olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmakta olup, bu sorunun \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in kanunlar ihtilaf\u0131 kurullar\u0131na ba\u015fvurulmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6z konusu kurallar\u0131n temelinde milletleraras\u0131 \u00f6zel hukuk hakkaniyeti esas al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r ve bu hakkaniyet uyar\u0131nca uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k ve uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n taraflar\u0131 ile en s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkiliye sahip maddi hukukun uygulanmas\u0131 \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir. T\u00fcrk hukukunda, yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru i\u00e7eren \u00f6zel hukuk uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131na uygulanacak hukuk, M\u00d6HUK\u2019ta m.1 il\u00e2 39 aras\u0131nda kanunlar ihtilaf\u0131 kurallar\u0131 uyar\u0131nca tespit edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

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Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru i\u00e7eren sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinden kaynaklanan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda uygulanacak hukukun tespiti i\u00e7in M\u00d6HUK\u2019ta \u00f6zel bir h\u00fck\u00fcm \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmemi\u015ftir. Uygulanacak hukukun tespiti i\u00e7in \u00f6zel h\u00fck\u00fcm d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015f olan s\u00f6zle\u015fmesel ili\u015fkilerde, genel h\u00fck\u00fcm olan M\u00d6HUK m.24 uyar\u0131nca uygulanacak hukuk tespit edilmektedir. H\u00fck\u00fcm, taraflara s\u00f6zle\u015fmesel ili\u015fkiden do\u011facak uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klara uygulanmak \u00fczere s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin akdedilmesi \u00f6ncesinde veya sonras\u0131nda, s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin tamam\u0131na veya bir k\u0131sm\u0131na uygulanacak \u015fekilde a\u00e7\u0131k veya z\u0131mn\u00ee olarak hukuk se\u00e7imi yapmalar\u0131na imk\u00e2n tan\u0131maktad\u0131r. Taraflar\u0131n hukuk se\u00e7imi yapmamalar\u0131 durumunda ise uygulanacak hukukun tespiti i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen objektif ba\u011flama kural\u0131 devreye girmekte ve uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile en s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili olan hukuk uyar\u0131nca \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulmaktad\u0131r. S\u00f6zle\u015fme ile en s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili hukuk ise kanundaki d\u00fczenleme uyar\u0131nca karakteristik edim bor\u00e7lusunun s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin kurulu\u015fu s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki mutad meskeni hukukudur. S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin ticari veya mesleki faaliyetler gere\u011fi kurulmas\u0131 durumunda ise karakteristik edim bor\u00e7lusunun i\u015fyeri, birden fazla i\u015fyeri varsa s\u00f6z konusu s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyle en s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fki i\u00e7inde bulunan i\u015fyeri hukuku, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile en s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fki hukuk olarak dikkate al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r. Halin b\u00fct\u00fcn \u015fartlar\u0131na g\u00f6re daha s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fkili bir hukukun bulunmas\u0131 durumunda ise bu hukuk uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde dikkate al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Ticari faaliyet, 6102 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Ticaret Kanunu[iv]<\/a> m.3\u2019de tan\u0131mland\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere \u201ckanunda d\u00fczenlenen hususlarla bir ticari i\u015fletmeyi ilgilendiren b\u00fct\u00fcn i\u015flem ve fiilleridir\u201d. <\/em>Karakteristik edim ise kanunlarda tan\u0131mlanmam\u0131\u015f olup \u00f6\u011fretide s\u00f6zle\u015fmeyi karakterize eden, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye ad\u0131n\u0131 ve a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 veren, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye damgas\u0131n\u0131 vuran ve hukuki \u00f6zelli\u011fini veren, di\u011ferine nazaran daha rizikolu konumda olan, para \u00f6deme ediminin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda olan edim olarak tan\u0131mlanmaktad\u0131r[v]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde karakteristik edim, sigortac\u0131n\u0131n edimidir[vi]<\/a>. Zira sigortac\u0131, rizikoyu teminat alt\u0131na alarak rizikoyu, para kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131ndaki edimi \u00fcstlenmektedir.[vii]<\/a>. Her iki taraf\u0131n borcu da para \u00f6demek olarak g\u00f6z\u00fckse de, s\u00f6z konusu ili\u015fkide sigortac\u0131n\u0131n ediminin s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin hukuki niteli\u011fini belirlemesi[viii]<\/a> ve poli\u00e7eyi haz\u0131rlayan, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen rizikolar neticesinde zarar meydana geldi\u011finde kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan miktar\u0131 \u00f6demekle y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fc olan\u0131n sigortac\u0131 olmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc[ix]<\/a>, sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde karakteristik edim sigortac\u0131n\u0131n edimidir.<\/p>\n

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Reas\u00fcrans s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinde ise sigortac\u0131n\u0131n sigorta etti\u011fi menfaati tekrardan ba\u015fka bir sigorta \u015firketine sigorta ettirmesi s\u00f6z konusu oldu\u011fundan sigortac\u0131 ile reas\u00fcr\u00f6r (ikinci sigortac\u0131) aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkide, reas\u00fcr\u00f6r\u00fcn edimi karakteristik edimdir ve reas\u00fcrans s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinden do\u011fan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar reas\u00fcr\u00f6r\u2019\u00fcn i\u015f merkezinin bulundu\u011fu \u00fclke hukukuna tabi olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulmal\u0131d\u0131r[x]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Sigortac\u0131n\u0131n, bir ticari i\u015fletme olmas\u0131 ve kanunda d\u00fczenlenen hususlarda i\u015flem ve fiillerde bulunmas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc M\u00d6HUK\u2019ta m.24\/4 uyar\u0131ca sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine uygulanacak hukuk tespit edilirken karakteristik edim bor\u00e7lusunun i\u015fyeri hukuku dikkate al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Sigortac\u0131n\u0131n birden fazla i\u015fyeri varsa, s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile en s\u0131k\u0131 ili\u015fki i\u00e7indeki i\u015fyeri dikkate al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Sigortac\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fyeri, sigortac\u0131 olan sigorta \u015firketinin kay\u0131tl\u0131 adresinin bulundu\u011fu yerdir. \u015eirketin \u015fubelerinin bulunmas\u0131 halinde s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u015fubenin bulundu\u011fu yer sigortac\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fyeridir.<\/p>\n

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Sigortac\u0131n\u0131n bor\u00e7luya kar\u015f\u0131 r\u00fccu nedeniyle y\u00f6neltece\u011fi taleplerin tabi oldu\u011fu hukuk ise sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine uygulanacak hukuktur[xi]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

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Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru i\u00e7eren sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinden do\u011fan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fcnde uygulanacak hukuk baz\u0131 hallerin varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 durumunda M\u00d6HUK m.24\u2019e g\u00f6re tespit edilmemektedir. Bu durumlar; sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine ili\u015fkin uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin bulunmas\u0131, kamu d\u00fczeni m\u00fcdahalesi ve do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131. \u0130lk olarak, sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine ili\u015fkin iki veya \u00e7ok tarafl\u0131 uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmenin bulunmas\u0131 halinde M\u00d6HUK m.1\/2 uyar\u0131nca uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmleri \u00f6nceliklidir ve uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabi olarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulacakt\u0131r. \u0130kinci olarak ise sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmesine uygulanacak yabanc\u0131 hukukun h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin T\u00fcrk kamu d\u00fczenine ayk\u0131r\u0131 olmas\u0131 halinde, M\u00d6HUK m.5 uyar\u0131nca bu h\u00fck\u00fcm uygulanmaz ve gerekli g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi halinde T\u00fcrk hukuku uygulan\u0131r. Son olarak ise d\u00fczenleme amac\u0131 ve uygulama alan\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan T\u00fcrk hukukunun do\u011frudan uygulanan kurallar\u0131na kapsam\u0131na giren durumlarda sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yabanc\u0131 hukuka tabi olsa bile T\u00fcrk hukukunun ilgili kural\u0131 do\u011frudan uygulan\u0131r. Sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan zorunlu sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri h\u00fck\u00fcmleri[xii]<\/a>, SK m.15 uyar\u0131nca yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda yapt\u0131r\u0131labilecek sigorta t\u00fcrleri[xiii]<\/a> do\u011frudan uygulanan kural niteli\u011finde olup bu t\u00fcr s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler yabanc\u0131 hukuka tabi olsa dahi s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle ilgili T\u00fcrk hukukundaki h\u00fck\u00fcmler, di\u011fer kanuni d\u00fczenlemeler do\u011frudan dikkate al\u0131nacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Yetkili Mahkeme<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru i\u00e7eren uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar hakk\u0131nda a\u00e7\u0131lacak davalarda, yetkili mahkeme milletleraras\u0131 usul kurullar\u0131 uyar\u0131nda tayin edilmektedir. Milletleraras\u0131 usul kurallar\u0131 M\u00d6HUK m.40 vd. maddelerde d\u00fczenlenmi\u015ftir. \u0130lgili uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k i\u00e7in M\u00d6HUK\u2019ta \u00f6zel olarak \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen bir d\u00fczenleme bulunmamas\u0131 hakinde M\u00d6HUK\u2019ta m.40\u2019\u0131n y\u00f6nlendirmesi ile i\u00e7 hukukun yer itibariyle yetki kurallar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

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Kanun koyucu, Sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinden do\u011fan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda yetkili mahkemenin tayini i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir d\u00fczenleme \u00f6ng\u00f6rm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. S\u00f6z konusu d\u00fczenleme olan M\u00d6HUK m.46\u2019da yetkili mahkeme davan\u0131n a\u00e7\u0131laca\u011f\u0131, husumetin y\u00f6neltilece\u011fi ki\u015fiye g\u00f6re ikili bir ayr\u0131m yap\u0131larak belirlenmektedir. Sigorta ettirene, sigortal\u0131ya veya lehdara a\u00e7\u0131lacak davalarda, bu ki\u015filerin T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki yerle\u015fim yeri veya mutad meskeni mahkemesi yetkili k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer davalarda ise sigortac\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fyeri, veya sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmesini yapan \u015fubenin veya acentas\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de bulundu\u011fu yer mahkemesi yetkilidir.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinden do\u011fan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen Sigorta Tahkim Komisyonu ise yetkisini Sigortac\u0131l\u0131k Kanunundan almaktad\u0131r. Komisyona ba\u015fvurulabilmek i\u00e7in sigorta \u015firketinin sigorta tahkim sistemine \u00fcye olmas\u0131 ve uyu\u015fmazl\u0131\u011fa konu te\u015fkil eden olay ile ilgili olarak sigortac\u0131l\u0131k yapan kurulu\u015fa gerekli ba\u015fvurular\u0131 yapm\u0131\u015f ve talebinin k\u0131smen ya da tamamen olumsuz sonu\u00e7land\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 belgelemesi yeterlidir (SK m.30\/13). Zorunlu sigortalarda ise sigorta \u015firketinin sigorta tahkim sistemine \u00fcye olmas\u0131 gerekli de\u011fildir. Ancak uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k i\u00e7in ilk olarak mahkemeye veya T\u00fcketici Sorunlar\u0131 Hakem Heyetine ba\u015fvuru yap\u0131lmas\u0131 halinde, ayn\u0131 uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k i\u00e7in Komisyona ba\u015fvuru imk\u00e2n\u0131 ortadan kalkmaktad\u0131r (SK m.30\/14). Bu noktada milletleraras\u0131 tahkim ve i\u00e7 tahkime de yap\u0131lan ba\u015fvurularda Komisyonun yetkili olmamas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi sonucuna var\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Teminat<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kural olarak, dava a\u00e7an\u0131n teminat g\u00f6sterme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Ancak davan\u0131n veya talebin haks\u0131z g\u00f6r\u00fclmesi halinde, kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n u\u011frayaca\u011f\u0131 zarar\u0131n tehlikeye d\u00fc\u015fme ihtimalinin bulunmas\u0131 halinde, dava a\u00e7an\u0131n mahkemenin uygun g\u00f6rece\u011fi miktarda teminat g\u00f6stermesi gerekmektedir. Sigorta Kanunu\u2019nda ve TTK da sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinden do\u011fan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lacak davalarda veya ba\u015flat\u0131lacak yarg\u0131lamalarda, hangi ihtimallerde teminat g\u00f6sterilmesi gerekti\u011fine dair bir d\u00fczenleme bulunmamaktad\u0131r. SK m.30\/23\u2019de kanunda h\u00fck\u00fcm bulunmayan hallerde 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 Hukuk Muhakemeleri Kanunu (HMK)[xiv]<\/a> h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin k\u0131yasen uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirtilmesinden hareketle sigorta davalar\u0131nda teminata ili\u015fkin hususlarda HMK h\u00fck\u00fcmleri dikkate al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. Bu do\u011frultuda, HMK m.84 ve m.85 teminat g\u00f6sterilecek ve teminat gerektirmeyen hallerin tespitinde yol g\u00f6sterici olacakt\u0131r. Yaln\u0131z dikkat edilmelidir ki HMK h\u00fck\u00fcmleri yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 davac\u0131lar\u0131n teminat g\u00f6sterme y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc d\u00fczenlemektedir. Yabanc\u0131 devlet vatanda\u015f\u0131 ger\u00e7ek veya t\u00fczel ki\u015filerin T\u00fcrk mahkemelerinde a\u00e7acaklar\u0131 davalarda teminat y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc M\u00d6HUK (m.48) h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine tabi k\u0131l\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu noktada SK\u2019da teminata ili\u015fkin HMK h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine yap\u0131lan yollamada HMK ifadesi geni\u015f yorumlanarak milletleraras\u0131 usul kurullar\u0131n\u0131 d\u00fczenleyen M\u00d6HUK\u2019un ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin de kapsam i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu kabul edilmeli ve yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru i\u00e7eren sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinden do\u011fan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar i\u00e7in a\u00e7\u0131lacak davalarda usule ili\u015fkin hususlarda M\u00d6HUK h\u00fck\u00fcmleri dikkate al\u0131nmal\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

HMK m.84\u2019de \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen teminat g\u00f6sterilmesi gereken durumlardan T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 davac\u0131n\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de mutad meskeni bulunmamas\u0131 durumu, inceleme konumuzla yak\u0131ndan ilgilidir. Bu ihtimalde, T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015f\u0131 ki\u015finin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu durumdan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsuru kazanmas\u0131 muhtemeldir.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

M\u00d6HUK m.48 uyar\u0131nca yabanc\u0131 ki\u015filer T\u00fcrk Mahkemelerinde dava a\u00e7arken, a\u00e7\u0131lan davaya kat\u0131l\u0131rken veya icra takibi ba\u015flat\u0131rken yarg\u0131lama ve takip giderleriyle kar\u015f\u0131 taraf\u0131n zarar\u0131n\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131lamak \u00fczere mahkemenin belirleyece\u011fi teminat\u0131 g\u00f6stermek zorundad\u0131r. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k esas\u0131na g\u00f6re mahkeme, ilgili yabanc\u0131 ger\u00e7ek veya t\u00fczel ki\u015fiyi teminattan muaf tutar. Kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n, \u00fc\u00e7 farkl\u0131 t\u00fcr\u00fc bulunmaktad\u0131r; akdi, kanuni ve fiili.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Uluslararas\u0131 koruma sahipleri (YUKK[xv]<\/a> m.88\/1), m\u00fclteciler (1951 Cenevre S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi m.16) ve vatans\u0131zlar (YUKK m.51) kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131ktan muaft\u0131r. Kanunda ve Ge\u00e7ici Koruma Y\u00f6netmeli\u011finde ge\u00e7ici korunanlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k \u015fart\u0131ndan muaf tutulaca\u011f\u0131na ili\u015fkin herhangi bir d\u00fczenleme bulunmamas\u0131ndan \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc ge\u00e7ici korunanlar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k \u015fart\u0131ndan muaf tutulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir[xvi]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Tebligat<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Yabanc\u0131 ki\u015filere yap\u0131lacak tebligat\u0131n usul\u00fcn\u00fcn veya y\u00f6nteminin tespit edilmesi, yabanc\u0131 ger\u00e7ek veya t\u00fczel ki\u015filerin davan\u0131n taraf\u0131 olmas\u0131 halinde kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan ba\u015fl\u0131ca sorunlardand\u0131r. Tebligat, usul hukuku problemlerinden olup, h\u00e2kimin hukukuna tabidir. Tebligat yap\u0131lacak ki\u015finin, vatanda\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131na bak\u0131lmaks\u0131z\u0131n \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kanuni bir yerle\u015fim yerinin bulunmas\u0131 halinde kendisine ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmler uyar\u0131nca tebligat yap\u0131labilir. Ki\u015finin \u00fclke s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7erisinde kanuni bir yerle\u015fim yeri bulunmamas\u0131 halinde ise klasik yol olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan 7201 say\u0131l\u0131 Tebligat Kanunu[xvii]<\/a> m.25 uyar\u0131nca ki\u015finin yurtd\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki adresinde kendisine tebligat yap\u0131l\u0131r. Ancak kendisine tebligat yap\u0131lacak ki\u015finin kanuni adresinin Hukuk Usul\u00fcne Dair La Haye S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u2019ne (m.1) veya 1965 tarihli Hukuki ve Ticari Konularda Adli ve Gayri Adli Belgelerin Yabanc\u0131 Memleketlerde Tebli\u011fine Dair Anla\u015fmaya (m.2) taraf devletlerde bulunmas\u0131 halinde ilgili anla\u015fma ve s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen usullerle tebligat yap\u0131labilir. Tebli\u011f yap\u0131lacak T\u00fcrk olmas\u0131 durumunda ise Tebligat Kanunu m.25\/a uyar\u0131nca o yerdeki tebligat o yerdeki T\u00fcrkiye B\u00fcy\u00fckel\u00e7ili\u011fi veya Konsoloslu\u011fu arac\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131yla yap\u0131labilir.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Adli Yard\u0131m<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Adli yard\u0131m, HMK m.334 vd. h\u00fck\u00fcmlerine g\u00f6re talep edilebilmektedir. Adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanabilecek ki\u015filer, vatanda\u015fl\u0131k duruma g\u00f6re bir ayr\u0131ma tabi tutulmu\u015ftur. T\u00fcrk vatanda\u015flar\u0131 HMK m.334\/1-2 de say\u0131lan hallerde adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanabilirken, yabanc\u0131lar kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k \u015fart\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131 durumda adli yard\u0131mdan yararlanabilmektedir.  Yabanc\u0131lar i\u00e7in adli yard\u0131ma ba\u015fvuruda Hukuku Usul\u00fcne Dair La Haye S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi m.20-24, Avrupa \u0130kamet S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi m.8\/1, Uluslararas\u0131 Koruma sahipleri i\u00e7in YUKK m.88\/1, vatans\u0131zlar i\u00e7in YUKK m.51 ve m\u00fclteciler i\u00e7in 1951 tarihli M\u00fcltecilerin Hukuki Durumuna Dair S\u00f6zle\u015fme (Cenevre) m.16 ile kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131kl\u0131l\u0131k sa\u011flanmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Kanun Yollar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

Sigorta Tahkim Komisyonu kararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 itiraz yolu, uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k konusu zarar\u0131n miktar\u0131na g\u00f6re belirlenmektedir. Zarar be\u015f bin T\u00fcrk Liras\u0131 alt\u0131nda ise Komisyonun verdi\u011fi kararlar kesindir, itiraza konu edilemez. Be\u015f bin \u00fczeri ve k\u0131rk bin alt\u0131ndaki uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar hakk\u0131nda verilen hakem kararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 Komisyon nezdinde itiraz edilebilir. \u0130tiraz neticesinde Komisyonun verdi\u011fi karar, kesindir. K\u0131rk bin \u00fczerindeki uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar hakk\u0131nda verilen hakem kararlar\u0131na Komisyon nezdinde itiraz edilebilece\u011fi gibi itiraz \u00fczerine Komisyonun verdi\u011fi kararlar i\u00e7in de temyize ba\u015fvurulabilir. Bu noktada temyize ba\u015fvurulabilir ifadesi, Sigorta Kanunu m. 30\/22\u2019da h\u00fck\u00fcm bulunmayan hallerde HUMK h\u00fck\u00fcmlerinin k\u0131yasen uygulanaca\u011f\u0131n\u0131n belirtilmesi, HUMK\u2019u ilga eden 6100 say\u0131l\u0131 HMK\u2019n\u0131n 01.10.2011 tarihinde y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe girmesi ile hakem kararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 temyize ba\u015fvuru imk\u00e2n\u0131n\u0131n kalkmas\u0131 ve kanun yolu olarak istinaf kurumunun getirilmesi ile Sigorta Kanunu m.30\/12 uyar\u0131nca hakem kararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 temyize ba\u015fvurulabilir ifadesinden ne anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi tart\u0131\u015fmal\u0131 hale gelmi\u015f ve mahkemeler aras\u0131nda da farkl\u0131 kararlar\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na zemin haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Mahkemeler aras\u0131nda ya\u015fanan karar farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131 sonras\u0131 Y\u0130BK karar\u0131 ile bu konudaki belirsizlik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme kavu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur. S\u00f6z konusu karara g\u00f6re k\u0131rk bin \u00fczeri uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klarda hakem kararlar\u0131na itiraz \u00fczerine verilen Komisyon kararlar\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131 do\u011frudan temyize ba\u015fvurulmal\u0131d\u0131r.[xviii]<\/a>   Mahkemeler nezdinde g\u00f6r\u00fclen sigorta uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar\u0131nda ise kanun yollar\u0131 HMK\u2019da d\u00fczenlenen uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k konusunun miktar\u0131 dikkate al\u0131nmak \u00fczere istinaf ve temyizdir. Bu noktada sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri i\u00e7in \u00f6zellik arz eden herhangi bir durum s\u00f6z konusu de\u011fildir<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\n

<\/p>\n

[i]<\/a> EK\u015e\u0130 Nuray, T\u00fcrk ve Avrupa Birli\u011fi Hukukunda Yabanc\u0131 Unsurlu Sigorta S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine Uygulanacak Hukuk, 1. Bas\u0131, Ocak 2012, \u0130stanbul, s.1.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[ii]<\/a> Resm\u00ee Gazete: Tarih: 14\/6\/2007 Say\u0131: 26552.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[iii]<\/a> RG: T.12.12.2007, S.26728<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[iv]<\/a> Resm\u00ee Gazete Tarihi: 14.02.2011 Resm\u00ee Gazete Say\u0131s\u0131: 27846.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[v]<\/a> TEK\u0130NALP G\u00fcl\u00f6ren, Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk Ba\u011flama Kurallar\u0131, 10. Bas\u0131, Vedat Kitap\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k, \u0130stanbul, s. 349; \u00d6ZEL Sibel, S\u00f6zle\u015fmesel \u0130li\u015fkide M\u00f6huk m.24\/II\u2019de \u00d6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen, Objektif Ba\u011flama Kural\u0131n\u0131n Mukayeseli Hukuk A\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan De\u011ferlendirilmesi, MHB, 2002\/2, (Ergin Nomer\u2019e Arma\u011fan), s.597; \u015eANLI Cemal\/ ESEN Emre\/ ATAMAN-F\u0130GANME\u015eE \u0130nci, Milletleraras\u0131 \u00d6zel Hukuk, 8. Bas\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2020, s. 308.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[vi]<\/a> Tekinalp G\u00fcl\u00f6ren, s. 385.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[vii]<\/a> \u015eANLI Cemal\/ ESEN Emre\/ ATAMAN-F\u0130GANME\u015eE \u0130nci, s. 309. Kaya, s. 102.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[viii]<\/a> NOMER Ergin, Devletler Hususi Hukuku, Yenilenmi\u015f 22. Bas\u0131, Beta, 2017, s. 332; S\u0130RMEN Kaz\u0131m Sedat, T\u00fcrk Kanunlar \u0130htilaf\u0131 Hukukunda Zarar Sigortalar\u0131 Kapsam\u0131na Giren Milletleraras\u0131 Unsurlu Sigorta Akitlerine Uygulanacak Hukuk, XXVI (2010)3, BAT\u0130DER, s. 51, dn 27.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[ix]<\/a> KAYA Selahattin, Yabanc\u0131 Unsurlu Sigorta S\u00f6zle\u015fmelerine Uygulanacak Hukuk, 1. Bask\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2016, , s. 102.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[x]<\/a> NOMER, s. 333.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[xi]<\/a> NOMER, 2013, s. 321; Kaya, s.103.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[xii]<\/a> \u00d6ZDEM\u0130R KOCASAKAL Hatice, Do\u011frudan Uygulanan Kurallar ve S\u00f6zle\u015fmeler \u00dczerindeki Etkiler, Galatasaray \u00dcniversitesi Yay\u0131nlar\u0131, \u0130stanbul, 2001, s.163-164. <\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[xiii]<\/a> S\u0130RMEN, s.62.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[xiv]<\/a> RG. T.04.02.2011, S. 27836.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[xv]<\/a> 6458 say\u0131l\u0131 Yabanc\u0131lar ve Uluslararas\u0131 Koruma Kanunu (RG. T. 11.4.2013 S. 28615)<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[xvi]<\/a> N. B. \u00c7elik, T\u00fcrk Hukukunda Uluslararas\u0131 Koruma Ba\u015fvurusunda Bulunan veya Uluslararas\u0131 Korumadan Yararlanan Yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n Hak ve Y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri, \u0130n\u00f6n\u00fc \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, C. I, \u00d6zel Say\u0131, 2015, s. 80; KAYA Cansu, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de Ge\u00e7ici Koruma Stat\u00fcs\u00fc Sahibi Yabanc\u0131lar\u0131n \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Haklar\u0131, Anadolu \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi<\/a>, Edit. Ay\u015fen SEYMEN \u00c7AKAR, Cilt: 3, Say\u0131:5, Ocak 2017<\/a>, 67.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[xvii]<\/a> Rg. T. 19.2.1959, S. 10139.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

[xviii]<\/a> Yarg\u0131tay \u0130\u00e7tihad\u0131 Birle\u015ftirme Hukuk Genel Kurulu Karar\u0131 E.2019\/4, K.2020\/1, Tarih:19.06.2020.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u00dclkemizde sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 19. y\u00fczy\u0131la dayanmaktad\u0131r. \u0130lk olarak 1870 y\u0131l\u0131nda Beyo\u011flu\u2019nda ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen yang\u0131n sonras\u0131, sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinden ve sigorta poli\u00e7elerinden kaynaklanan uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir. Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131klar g\u00fcndeme geldi\u011finde faaliyet g\u00f6steren \u015firketler \u0130ngiliz ve Frans\u0131z \u015firketleri olup s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerin yabanc\u0131 hukuka tabi k\u0131l\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve yabanc\u0131 devlet mahkemelerinin yetkilendirildi\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr[i]. Bu bilgiler \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda, yabanc\u0131l\u0131k unsurunun sigorta s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri ile …<\/p>\n

YABANCILIK UNSURU \u0130\u00c7EREN S\u0130GORTA DAVALARINA \u0130L\u0130\u015eK\u0130N \u00d6ZEL HUSUSLAR<\/span> Devam\u0131 »<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[21,23],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1713","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-sigorta-hukuku","category-sigorta-tahkimi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/erkanpartners.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1713","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/erkanpartners.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/erkanpartners.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/erkanpartners.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/erkanpartners.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1713"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/erkanpartners.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1713\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1726,"href":"https:\/\/erkanpartners.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1713\/revisions\/1726"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/erkanpartners.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1713"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/erkanpartners.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1713"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/erkanpartners.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1713"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}